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Related Concept Videos

MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Cell Signaling in Plants

Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
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Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...

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Imaging Spatial Reorganization of a MAPK Signaling Pathway Using the Tobacco Transient Expression System
08:54

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Published on: March 20, 2016

Exploring the evolutionary path of plant MAPK networks.

Róbert Dóczi1, László Okrész, Alfonso E Romero

  • 1Institute of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik Rd 2, Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary.

Trends in Plant Science
|June 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The study reveals that complex mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling networks evolved early in plant lineage. Gene duplications and interaction motifs likely shaped these intricate signaling pathways.

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling network is crucial for cellular processes and is conserved across eukaryotes.
  • MAPK signaling involves interconnected protein kinases organized into functional modules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary origins and diversification of MAPK signaling components.
  • To analyze MAPK signaling in early diverging eukaryotes and plant lineages.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of MAPK signaling components.
  • Examination of species from early diverging eukaryotic clades and representative plant lineages.

Main Results:

  • Naegleria gruberi possesses two MAPK kinases (MKKs) and one conventional MAPK.
  • Algal species exhibit two distinct MKKs and multiple MAPKs across different groups.
  • Evidence suggests early formation of multiple MAPK modules during plant evolution.

Conclusions:

  • The expansion of MAPK signaling components through gene duplication and motif evolution contributed to complex networks.
  • Early diversification of MAPK signaling pathways laid the foundation for complex networks observed in plants like Arabidopsis.