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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
10:42

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

Published on: July 30, 2017

A mobile olfactometer for fMRI-studies.

J Ulrich Sommer1, Wakunyambo Maboshe, Martin Griebe

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Germany. ulrich.sommer@umm.de

Journal of Neuroscience Methods
|June 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new, inexpensive olfactory stimulation device is suitable for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This open-source device meets fMRI requirements, offering a cost-effective solution for olfactory research.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Olfactory Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies require specialized olfactory stimulation devices.
  • Existing devices are often costly, non-portable, or lack necessary non-conductive and non-magnetic properties.
  • There is a need for affordable, portable, and fMRI-compatible olfactory stimulators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate a newly developed, simple, and inexpensive olfactory stimulation device for fMRI measurements.
  • To determine the suitability of the open-source device for generating adequate olfactory stimuli during fMRI acquisition.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of a novel olfactory stimulation device using standard industrial and laboratory components.
  • Development of open-source software for device control.
  • Testing the device in an fMRI study involving 21 healthy subjects exposed to d-limonene and terpinen-4-ol.

Main Results:

  • The developed stimulation device demonstrated capability for adequate olfactory stimulation within fMRI sequences.
  • All components of the olfactometer were optimized for fMRI compatibility.
  • The device proved suitable for use in fMRI studies.

Conclusions:

  • The newly developed, inexpensive, and open-source olfactory stimulation device is a viable tool for fMRI research.
  • This device offers a practical and cost-effective alternative to existing, more expensive systems.
  • The findings support the use of this device for future olfactory fMRI investigations.