The cytoprotective effect of Trolox demonstrated with three types of human cells

Trolox, a hydrophilic analogue of alpha-tocopherol, was reported to scavenge peroxyl radicals better than vitamin E in sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles and in liposomes. However, it was not known if Trolox protects human cells against oxyradical damage or if it acts as an antioxidant there. Here we demonstrate that Trolox prolonged substantially the survival of human ventricular myocytes and hepatocyte against oxyradicals generated with xanthine oxidase plus hypoxanthine, and prevented lysis of red cells exposed to an azo-initiator (2,2'-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) HCl). Note that Trolox did not inhibit xanthine oxidase. In each cell type, the protection by Trolox was dose dependent and surpassed those given by such water-soluble antioxidants as ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase, and (or) catalase, each examined at or near its optimal level in the same system. Using hepatocytes as a model, we further observed that Trolox reduced markedly the quantity of phospholipid conjugated dienes (a chemical imprint of oxyradical damage) in cells despite their exposure to oxyradicals. These data suggested that Trolox behaves as an antioxidant in cells as illustrated in hepatocytes.