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Related Concept Videos

Inhaled Medications01:23

Inhaled Medications

Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Additional Routes of Drug Administration01:18

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
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Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
Asthma-IV: Diagnostic and Management01:30

Asthma-IV: Diagnostic and Management

The diagnosis and management of asthma are comprehensive, encompassing clinical assessments, lung function tests, and pharmacological interventions. Here's an overview:
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Intratracheal Administration of Dry Powder Formulation in Mice
07:55

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Published on: July 25, 2020

Systemic delivery of atropine sulfate by the MicroDose Dry-Powder Inhaler.

T E Corcoran1, R Venkataramanan, R M Hoffman

  • 1University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. corcorante@upmc.edu

Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery
|June 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Inhaled atropine via dry powder inhaler (DPIA) shows high bioavailability, achieving rapid systemic concentrations comparable to intramuscular injection. This offers a promising alternative for chemical weapons exposure treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Inhaled atropine is under development for treating chemical weapons exposure.
  • A pharmacokinetic study compared a novel dry powder inhaler (DPIA) with intramuscular (IM) injection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of inhaled atropine via DPIA versus IM injection.
  • To evaluate the bioavailability of atropine delivered through a novel DPIA system.

Main Methods:

  • Seventeen subjects received a 1.95-mg inhaled dose via DPIA and a 2-mg IM dose via auto-injector on separate days.
  • Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics (heart rate, lung function), and safety were monitored for 12 hours.

Main Results:

  • Inhaled atropine via DPIA demonstrated 87% relative bioavailability compared to IM injection.
  • Pharmacokinetic profiles showed similar area under the curve (AUC) and time to maximum concentration.
  • Allergic reactions were observed in two subjects, one mild (IM) and one moderate (DPIA).

Conclusions:

  • Dry powder inhalation provides a highly bioavailable route for rapid and consistent systemic atropine delivery.
  • Inhaled atropine via DPIA is a viable alternative to IM injection for specific therapeutic applications.