Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for their...
Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A key...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants


Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating sympathetic or...
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cannabis use patterns and perception of acute pain during brief abstinence: sex-dependent associations with circulating cannabinoid levels.

Psychopharmacology·2026
Same author

A double-blind randomized clinical trial of zonisamide and contingency management for alcohol use disorder treatment (ZARRA) protocol.

Contemporary clinical trials·2026
Same author

Commentary on Getty et al.: Complementarity of harm reduction and contingency management.

Addiction (Abingdon, England)·2026
Same author

The Pharmaceutically Enhanced Reinforcement for Reduced Alcohol and Smoking (PERRAS) Study: Protocol for a randomized clinical trial.

Contemporary clinical trials·2025
Same author

Graft protection by myeloid progenitor cells using lethal or non-lethal preconditioning.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Experiences With Substance Use Disorder Treatment and the Role of Social Norms in the Asian American Pacific Islander Community: A Qualitative Study.

Journal of addiction medicine·2025
Same journal

The Genoeconomics of Impulsive Intertemporal Choice: A Critical Review.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior·2026
Same journal

Shaping the extinction burst: Increasing its probability and preventing its emergence across topographies.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior·2026
Same journal

Evaluating the combined effects of effort and probability on monetary discounting.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior·2026
Same journal

An improved translational approach to studying persistence-strengthening effects of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior·2026
Same journal

Interactions between the effects of food and water motivating operations on concurrent food- and water-reinforced responding in mice.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior·2026
Same journal

Odor-visual and visual-visual matching to sample with dogs.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Autoradiography as a Simple and Powerful Method for Visualization and Characterization of Pharmacological Targets
10:16

Autoradiography as a Simple and Powerful Method for Visualization and Characterization of Pharmacological Targets

Published on: March 12, 2019

Preference for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in current users.

John M Roll1, Thomas Newton, Joy Chudzynski

  • 1Washington State University, Program of Excellence in the Addictions, USA. johnroll@wsu.edu

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
|June 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows that current Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) users value higher doses of the drug. Participants consistently chose active GHB over placebo, indicating its reinforcing effects.

Keywords:
Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)Multiple Choice Procedure (MCP)reinforcer efficacysubstance abuse

More Related Videos

Administration of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Adolescent and Adult Mice
07:51

Administration of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Adolescent and Adult Mice

Published on: August 1, 2025

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Paired with Total Vaporization Solid-Phase Microextraction as a Forensic Tool
05:31

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Paired with Total Vaporization Solid-Phase Microextraction as a Forensic Tool

Published on: May 25, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Autoradiography as a Simple and Powerful Method for Visualization and Characterization of Pharmacological Targets
10:16

Autoradiography as a Simple and Powerful Method for Visualization and Characterization of Pharmacological Targets

Published on: March 12, 2019

Administration of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Adolescent and Adult Mice
07:51

Administration of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Adolescent and Adult Mice

Published on: August 1, 2025

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Paired with Total Vaporization Solid-Phase Microextraction as a Forensic Tool
05:31

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Paired with Total Vaporization Solid-Phase Microextraction as a Forensic Tool

Published on: May 25, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience
  • Addiction Research

Background:

  • Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is recognized for its substantial abuse potential.
  • Understanding the reinforcing properties of GHB is crucial for developing effective interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the relative reinforcing value of escalating doses of GHB in current users.
  • To confirm if the highest-rated GHB dose via the Multiple Choice Procedure (MCP) is self-administered more frequently than placebo.

Main Methods:

  • The study involved 5 current GHB users not seeking cessation.
  • Escalating doses of GHB (0, 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50 mg/kg) were assessed using the MCP.
  • Participants made repeated choices between GHB, placebo, or nothing.

Main Results:

  • Higher assigned GHB doses correlated with higher crossover points on the MCP.
  • Participants overwhelmingly chose active GHB over placebo (96% of choices).

Conclusions:

  • GHB functions as a dose-dependent reinforcer in humans.
  • These findings support the significant abuse liability of GHB.