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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
09:01

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Published on: July 8, 2015

Hedges enhance memory but inhibit retelling.

Kris Liu1, Jean E Fox Tree

  • 1Psychology Department, University of California, Social Sciences II room 277, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. kyliu@ucsc.edu

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|June 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Listeners recall information differently based on hedges and the discourse marker "like." Hedges can enhance memory for details in certain contexts, even if the information is initially omitted.

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Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Discourse Analysis

Background:

  • Hedges and discourse markers like "like" are often perceived as indicators of uncertainty or vagueness in speech.
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated the distinct cognitive effects of hedges versus "like" on memory recall.
  • Understanding how listeners process these linguistic cues is crucial for comprehending information retention in conversation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential impact of hedges and the discourse marker "like" on the recall of precise quantitative details in spontaneous speech.
  • To explore how the communicative context (retelling vs. answering questions) modulates the effects of these linguistic markers on memory.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted involving participants recalling specific details from spoken material.
  • Experiment 1 involved participants retelling conversations to another person.
  • Experiment 2 involved participants answering questions about material they had heard, without direct interpersonal retelling.

Main Results:

  • In a retelling context (Experiment 1), listeners were less likely to recall hedged information compared to unmarked or "like"-marked information.
  • In a question-answering context (Experiment 2), hedges significantly enhanced memory for details compared to "like."
  • Listeners treated hedged and "like"-marked information differently, despite both being associated with uncertainty.

Conclusions:

  • Hedges function as pragmatic cues, signaling the reliability of information for repetition in conversational settings.
  • While hedged information might be omitted during immediate recall, it is not necessarily forgotten, suggesting distinct memory traces.
  • The communicative goal significantly influences how hedges and "like" affect information recall and memory.