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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
09:51

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

Toll-like receptor expression pattern: clinical application.

Shirin Moossavi, Nima Rezaei

    Journal of Clinical Immunology
    |June 20, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Toll-Like Receptors 7 and 9 (TLR7 and TLR9) expression changes in colorectal cancer (CRC) may correlate with tumor progression. Other TLRs showed no difference, possibly due to methodological limitations or variations in TLR expression patterns.

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    A Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay to Examine Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated NF-kB/AP-1 Signaling on Adsorbed Protein Layers on Polymeric Surfaces
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    A Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay to Examine Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated NF-kB/AP-1 Signaling on Adsorbed Protein Layers on Polymeric Surfaces

    Published on: January 7, 2020

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    Last Updated: May 21, 2026

    Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
    09:51

    Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

    Published on: July 26, 2017

    A Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay to Examine Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated NF-kB/AP-1 Signaling on Adsorbed Protein Layers on Polymeric Surfaces
    07:55

    A Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay to Examine Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated NF-kB/AP-1 Signaling on Adsorbed Protein Layers on Polymeric Surfaces

    Published on: January 7, 2020

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Gastroenterology
    • Oncology

    Background:

    • Colorectal cancer (CRC) development involves complex molecular changes.
    • Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) play a role in immune response and cancer.
    • Previous studies suggest altered TLR expression in CRC.

    Discussion:

    • The study by Eiró et al. investigated TLR expression in colorectal polyps and CRC.
    • Differential expression of TLR7 and TLR9 was observed in CRC compared to normal controls.
    • The lack of differential expression for other TLRs contrasts with prior research.
    • Methodological limitations and spatiotemporal variations in TLR expression may explain discrepancies.

    Key Insights:

    • TLR7 and TLR9 expression alterations are linked to colorectal cancer progression.
    • Specific histological types of colorectal polyps may exhibit distinct TLR expression profiles.
    • Understanding TLRs in colorectal polyps is crucial for early detection and treatment strategies.

    Outlook:

    • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise role of TLRs in colorectal polyp to cancer transition.
    • Investigating spatiotemporal TLR expression patterns could refine understanding of CRC pathogenesis.
    • Developing targeted therapies based on TLR modulation may offer new avenues for CRC treatment.