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Related Concept Videos

Fast Reactions01:27

Fast Reactions

Fast reactions occurring in times shorter than the time needed to mix reactants pose a unique challenge for investigation. In a liquid-phase continuous-flow system, reactants A and B are swiftly pushed into the mixing chamber, where mixing occurs within 1 ms. The reaction mixture then flows through an observation tube, and one measures light absorption to determine species concentrations at various points of the tube. This method is most appropriate when relatively large volumes of reactants...
Flow Cytometry01:23

Flow Cytometry

The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
In...
Energy Diagrams, Transition States, and Intermediates02:13

Energy Diagrams, Transition States, and Intermediates

Free-energy diagrams, or reaction coordinate diagrams, are graphs showing the energy changes that occur during a chemical reaction. The reaction coordinate represented on the horizontal axis shows how far the reaction has progressed structurally. Positions along the x-axis close to the reactants have structures resembling the reactants, while positions close to the products resemble the products.  Peaks on the energy diagram represent stable structures with measurable lifetimes, while other...
What is Organic Chemistry?02:17

What is Organic Chemistry?

Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon called organic compounds. Organic compounds either originate from living organisms or are synthesized by chemists. A defining trait of these compounds is the presence of carbon as the principal element, which is bonded to other carbon atoms and other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. The existence of a wide array of organic molecules is a consequence of carbon atoms’ ability to form up to four strong bonds to other...
Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions01:16

Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions require sufficient energy to cause the matter to collide with enough precision and force that old chemical bonds can be broken and new ones formed. In general, kinetic energy is the form of energy powering any type of matter in motion. Imagine a person building a brick wall. The energy it takes to lift and place one brick on top of another is the kinetic energy—the energy matter possesses because of its motion. Once the wall is in place, it stores potential energy. Potential...
Chemical Reactions01:19

Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances
A chemical reaction takes starting materials—the reactants—and changes them into different...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
07:06

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid

Published on: November 15, 2017

On being green: can flow chemistry help?

Steven V Ley1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK CB2 1EW. svl1000@cam.ac.uk

Chemical Record (New York, N.Y.)
|June 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Flow chemistry offers effective solutions for Green Chemistry challenges, improving efficiency and reducing waste. This machine-assisted approach enables complex synthesis and routine scale-up for pharmaceuticals.

Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry principles and modern synthesis.
  • Application of flow chemistry in chemical synthesis.

Background:

  • Green Chemistry is crucial but challenging for synthesis.
  • Traditional synthesis methods face limitations in efficiency and sustainability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the effectiveness of flow chemistry tools in addressing Green Chemistry challenges.
  • To demonstrate the utility of flow chemistry in complex synthesis and scale-up.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing flow chemistry for improved heat/mass transfer.
  • Employing machine-assisted synthesis with reagent and scavenger cartridges.
  • Implementing continuous 24/7 operation for synthesis.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated improved heat/mass transfer.

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
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Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid

Published on: November 15, 2017

Utilization of Stop-flow Micro-tubing Reactors for the Development of Organic Transformations
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Utilization of Stop-flow Micro-tubing Reactors for the Development of Organic Transformations

Published on: January 4, 2018

A Scalable Balz-Schiemann Reaction Protocol in a Continuous Flow Reactor
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A Scalable Balz-Schiemann Reaction Protocol in a Continuous Flow Reactor

Published on: February 10, 2023

  • Achieved lower solvent usage and reduced waste generation.
  • Enabled containment of hazardous compounds and multi-step synthesis.

    • Conclusions:

    • Flow chemistry tools are effective solutions for Green Chemistry challenges.
    • Flow chemistry facilitates efficient, sustainable, and complex chemical synthesis.
    • This approach supports both routine scale-up and intricate molecular construction.