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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions02:17

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

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Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The reactions are accompanied by chemical and energy changes. 
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Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
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Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs. Each of the steps in a reaction mechanism is called an elementary reaction. These...
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Several restrictions limit the use of Friedel–Crafts reactions. First, the halogen in the alkyl halide must be attached to an sp3-hybridized carbon for the Friedel–Crafts reactions to occur. Vinyl or aryl halides do not react since the carbocations formed are unstable under the reaction conditions. Second, Friedel–Crafts alkylation is susceptible to carbocation rearrangement, and the major products obtained have a rearranged carbon skeleton. In contrast, the acylium ion is...
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A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A reaction’s stoichiometry helps predict how much of the reactant is needed to produce the desired amount of product, or in some cases, how much product will be formed from a specific amount of the reactant.
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Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
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Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
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Continuous flow synthesis enabling reaction discovery.

Antonella Ilenia Alfano1, Jorge García-Lacuna1, Oliver M Griffiths2

  • 1School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland marcus.baumann@ucd.ie.

Chemical Science
|March 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Continuous flow chemistry enables new reaction discovery and molecular assembly. It significantly impacts photochemical, electrochemical, and temperature-sensitive reactions using AI and machine learning for advanced control.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Traditional batch chemistry faces limitations in exploring novel reaction pathways.
  • Certain chemical processes, such as photochemical and electrochemical reactions, are difficult to control and scale using conventional methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the role of continuous flow chemistry in discovering new reactions.
  • To highlight opportunities for molecular assembly beyond current capabilities.
  • To explore the impact of continuous flow methods on photochemical, electrochemical, and temperature-sensitive processes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing continuous flow chemistry platforms.
  • Implementing machine-assisted processing for reaction optimization.
  • Leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for data acquisition, feedback, and control.

Main Results:

  • Continuous flow chemistry opens new avenues for reaction discovery.
  • Significant impact on chemical reactivity patterns observed in photochemical, electrochemical, and temperature-sensitive reactions.
  • Flow chemical platforms are well-suited for integration with AI/ML techniques.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous flow chemistry offers powerful tools for advancing molecular assembly.
  • The integration of AI and ML with flow chemistry promises to revolutionize chemical reactivity control and discovery.