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Related Concept Videos

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
09:45

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Published on: April 27, 2017

2-[(E)-3,4-Dimeth-oxy-benzyl-idene]hydrazinecarboxamide.

M Nawaz Tahir, M Naveed Umar, Akbar Ali

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |June 22, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a novel organic compound, C(10)H(13)N(3)O(3). Molecular analysis reveals specific dihedral angles and hydrogen bonding patterns influencing its crystalline arrangement.

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    Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

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    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

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    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
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    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

    Published on: June 21, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Molecular Structure

    Background:

    • Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in organic molecules is crucial for predicting their properties and reactivity.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in stabilizing crystal structures and influencing intermolecular interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the compound C(10)H(13)N(3)O(3).
    • To analyze the molecular conformation, including dihedral angles between key functional groups.
    • To identify and characterize the intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, present in the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the atomic coordinates and unit cell parameters.
    • Analysis of the crystal structure involved identifying hydrogen bond donors and acceptors.
    • Geometric parameters, including dihedral angles and hydrogen bond distances, were calculated.

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure of C(10)H(13)N(3)O(3) was successfully determined.
    • A dihedral angle of 53.82(6)° was observed between the 3,4-dimethoxy-benzylidene and hydrazinecarboxamide groups.
    • An intramolecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bond formed an S(5) ring motif, and intermolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds linked molecules into sheets propagating in the (-201) direction.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a detailed description of the molecular and crystal structure of C(10)H(13)N(3)O(3).
    • The identified hydrogen bonding network dictates the supramolecular architecture in the solid state.
    • This structural information serves as a foundation for further investigations into the compound's physical and chemical properties.