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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
Pericarditis IV: Nursing Management01:25

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Pericarditis, an inflammation of the pericardium, necessitates diligent nursing management to ensure effective patient care and recovery. The initial step in managing pericarditis is a comprehensive patient medical assessment.The patient reports chest pain aggravated by breathing, coughing, and swallowing, which worsens when lying supine. The pain often improves when sitting up and leaning forward. Additional symptoms may include fever, malaise, and, in severe cases, signs of heart failure.
Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
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It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons
09:43

Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons

Published on: May 25, 2015

Brachial neuritis with phrenic nerve involvement.

Allison Barraclough1, James Triplett, Philip Tuch

  • 1Department of Neurology, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. allisonb@post.com

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia
|June 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Brachial neuritis (BN) can cause shortness of breath due to phrenic nerve palsy. This case highlights diagnostic challenges of BN with distant nerve involvement, especially with comorbidities.

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Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons
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Published on: May 25, 2015

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Published on: February 22, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Brachial neuritis (BN) is an uncommon neurological disorder affecting the brachial plexus.
  • Phrenic nerve involvement can lead to respiratory complications like shortness of breath (ShOB).

Observation:

  • A 73-year-old woman developed ShOB post-coronary artery bypass graft, initially attributed to phrenic nerve palsy.
  • She later developed right arm pain and weakness, diagnosed as BN via electromyography.
  • Worsening ShOB was found to be related to the BN process, not solely post-operative palsy.

Findings:

  • BN can present with distant neurological deficits, including diaphragmatic (phrenic) nerve involvement.
  • Diagnostic confusion is common, particularly with pre-existing comorbidities like diabetes.
  • This case underscores the need for thorough investigation beyond initial assumptions.

Implications:

  • Highlights the importance of considering BN in patients with unexplained respiratory symptoms and neurological deficits.
  • Emphasizes the need for comprehensive diagnostic workups in complex neurological cases.
  • Suggests potential for BN to impact respiratory function significantly, requiring specific management strategies.