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Related Concept Videos

Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare heart muscle disease characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened ventricular walls, leading to significant diastolic dysfunction.EtiologyRestrictive cardiomyopathy can arise from both inherited and acquired diseases, many of which are systemic. It is categorized into four main types: infiltrative, storage, non-infiltrative, and endomyocardial diseases.Infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis, lead to RCM by depositing amyloid...
Healing II: Complications01:24

Healing II: Complications

Complications during healing arise when tissue repair is altered by local or systemic factors. These changes involve abnormal collagen deposition, altered biomechanics, and reduced vascular supply, impairing restoration of normal structure and function.Loss of FunctionScar tissue differs significantly from the original tissue it replaces. In the skin, fibrosis lacks adnexal structures such as hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Their absence reduces tactile sensitivity, impairs...
Atherosclerosis I: Introduction01:30

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Localized scleroderma.

Alexander Kreuter1

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. a.kreuter@derma.de

Dermatologic Therapy
|June 30, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Localized scleroderma, or morphea, is a rare autoimmune skin disease. Current treatments include phototherapy for skin-limited cases and methotrexate for severe, extracutaneous disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Autoimmune Diseases
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Localized scleroderma (morphea) is a group of autoimmune diseases affecting skin and potentially deeper tissues.
  • Its pathogenesis involves immune triggers, cytokine release, and fibrosis in genetically susceptible individuals.
  • No specific serological markers exist, complicating diagnosis and monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of localized scleroderma.
  • To summarize current knowledge on epidemiology, pathogenesis, and classification.
  • To outline diagnostic criteria, outcome measures, and evidence-based treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on localized scleroderma.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data and pathogenetic mechanisms.
  • Evaluation of clinical scores and therapeutic options.

Main Results:

  • Several clinical scores are now available for disease assessment.
  • Ultraviolet A1 phototherapy is effective for skin-limited localized scleroderma.
  • Methotrexate, with or without corticosteroids, is recommended for severe or extracutaneous disease.

Conclusions:

  • Localized scleroderma management requires a multidisciplinary approach.
  • Evidence-based treatments are limited but improving, particularly for severe cases.
  • Further research is needed to understand pathogenesis and develop targeted therapies.