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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Introduction01:26

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Introduction

Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of chronic disorders marked by recurrent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract due to an abnormal immune response against gut microflora. This leads to tissue damage. The two main forms are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.Crohn’s DiseaseCrohn’s disease is a relapsing inflammatory disorder that can affect any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus. It involves all layers of the bowel wall (transmural) and shows “skip lesions” in which...

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Related Experiment Videos

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Maria Espinosa1, Beth S Gottlieb

  • 1The Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, NY, USA.

Pediatrics in Review
|July 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a common childhood rheumatic disease. Early treatment and emerging genetic insights offer hope for improved diagnosis and targeted therapies, reducing long-term risks.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most prevalent rheumatic condition in childhood.
  • JIA is characterized by chronic inflammation with alternating periods of disease activity and remission.
  • Current treatments include NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and methotrexate, with biologics used for severe cases and uveitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding and management of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.
  • To highlight the potential of emerging genetic research in JIA diagnosis and treatment.
  • To discuss the evolving landscape of JIA therapies, including biologics and future targeted approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of JIA management strategies.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analysis of current therapeutic outcomes and safety profiles.
  • Exploration of genetic research and its implications for JIA.

    • Main Results:

    • Early and aggressive treatment significantly improves outcomes for most children with JIA.
    • Biologics demonstrate safety and efficacy in aggressive JIA and uveitis, though long-term data is pending.
    • Genetic testing holds promise for earlier diagnosis, disease course prediction, and personalized therapy.

    Conclusions:

    • Advances in treatment have improved JIA outcomes, but challenges remain.
    • Genetic advancements are expected to revolutionize JIA diagnosis and treatment personalization.
    • Future therapies aim for increased specificity to minimize immunosuppression and toxicity in JIA patients.