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Related Concept Videos

Altruism01:03

Altruism

Altruistic behaviors are “unselfish” behaviors—those that help another individual at the expense of the individual carrying out the behavior. Despite the negative consequences for the altruistic animal, these behaviors are thought to have evolved for several reasons.
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
Allosteric Proteins-ATCase01:19

Allosteric Proteins-ATCase

Binding sites linkages can regulate a protein's function.  For example, enzyme activity is often regulated through a feedback mechanism where the end product of the biochemical process serves as an inhibitor.
Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of L-aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate to  N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. This reaction is the first step in pyrimidine biosynthesis. UTP and CTP, the end products of the pyrimidine synthesis pathway,...
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device (ALDM) Test Systems
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Published on: May 5, 2015

The Aastrom experience.

Ronnda L Bartel, Caryn Cramer, Kelly Ledford

    Stem Cell Research & Therapy
    |July 11, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Ixmyelocel-T, a novel cell therapy from bone marrow, shows promise for treating critical limb ischemia and heart failure. Expanded mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages promote tissue repair, with Phase 3 trials underway.

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    Area of Science:

    • Regenerative Medicine
    • Cell Therapy
    • Biotechnology

    Background:

    • Aastrom Biosciences developed ixmyelocel-T, a patient-specific multicellular therapy.
    • Manufactured using proprietary cell-processing technology under cGMP in a closed, automated system.
    • Ixmyelocel-T contains expanded mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and macrophages, with higher cell numbers than native bone marrow.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ixmyelocel-T for ischemic cardiovascular diseases.
    • To investigate the proposed mechanism of action involving MSCs and alternatively activated macrophages in tissue repair.
    • To advance clinical development for critical limb ischemia (CLI) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).

    Main Methods:

    • Expansion of MSCs and macrophages from patient bone marrow samples.
    • cGMP-compliant manufacturing in a fully closed, automated system.
    • Clinical trials in patients with CLI and DCM.

    Main Results:

    • Clinical trial data suggest ixmyelocel-T is a potentially safe and efficacious treatment.
    • Phase 2 CLI trials completed; Phase 3 (REVIVE) study initiated with FDA Special Protocol Assessment (SPA) concurrence.
    • Phase 2b study for DCM planned for initiation in 2012.

    Conclusions:

    • Ixmyelocel-T demonstrates potential as a therapeutic agent for ischemic cardiovascular conditions.
    • The combination of expanded MSCs and alternatively activated macrophages may facilitate long-term tissue repair.
    • Ongoing and planned clinical trials will further assess the therapeutic benefits of ixmyelocel-T.