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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
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Bladder Cancer Immunotherapy: BCG and Beyond.

Eric J Askeland1, Mark R Newton, Michael A O'Donnell

  • 1Department of Urology, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, 3204 MERF, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.

Advances in Urology
|July 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a standard bladder cancer treatment, but many patients fail it. This review explores alternative immunotherapies like IFN-α, IL-2, IL-12, and IL-10 for improved outcomes.

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An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
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Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
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Published on: December 1, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Urology

Background:

  • Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the primary conservative treatment for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.
  • BCG's mechanism involves a T helper type 1 (Th1) immunomodulatory response.
  • A significant number of patients do not respond to or tolerate BCG treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in the basic science and clinical application of alternative intravesical immunotherapeutic agents.
  • To explore agents that can be used alone or in combination with BCG for bladder cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of basic science research.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data and experience with immunotherapeutic agents.

Main Results:

  • The review covers immunotherapeutic agents including interferon-alfa (IFN-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and interleukin-10 (IL-10).
  • These agents modulate the immune response for potential bladder cancer treatment.

Conclusions:

  • There is a need for alternative or adjunct therapies to BCG for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.
  • IFN-α, IL-2, IL-12, and IL-10 represent promising immunomodulating agents for further investigation and clinical use.