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Bone Cells and Tissue

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and...

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...

Hypodermis

Hypodermis

The hypodermis (the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia) is present directly below the dermis. It connects the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles. It is not strictly a part of the skin, although the border between the hypodermis and dermis can be difficult to distinguish. The hypodermis consists of well-vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for...

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Isolation, Expansion, and Adipogenic Induction of CD34+CD31+ Endothelial Cells from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Isolation, Expansion, and Adipogenic Induction of CD34+CD31+ Endothelial Cells from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Published on: July 17, 2018

Subcutaneous adipocytes may become osteoblasts.

Simone Ciuffi¹, Sergio Fabbri, Roberto Zonefrati

¹Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.

Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism : the Official Journal of the Italian Society of Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism, and Skeletal Diseases

|July 12, 2012

Summary

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) show potential as an alternative to bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) in regenerative medicine. ASCs offer easier harvesting and similar differentiation capabilities, including osteoblast potential.

Keywords:

adipose tissue adipose-derived stem/stromal cells osteoblast osteogenic differentiation

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Isolation, Expansion, and Adipogenic Induction of CD34+CD31+ Endothelial Cells from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Isolation, Expansion, and Adipogenic Induction of CD34+CD31+ Endothelial Cells from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Published on: July 17, 2018

Identification and Dissection of Diverse Mouse Adipose Depots

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Isolation and Enrichment of Human Adipose-derived Stromal Cells for Enhanced Osteogenesis

Isolation and Enrichment of Human Adipose-derived Stromal Cells for Enhanced Osteogenesis

Published on: January 12, 2015

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Regenerative Medicine
Stem Cell Biology

Background:

Bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) are widely used in regenerative medicine due to their differentiation and immunosuppressive properties.
BMSCs exhibit genetic stability during long-term cultures.
Adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (ASCs) are emerging as a promising alternative to BMSCs.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the potential of ASCs as an alternative to BMSCs in regenerative medicine.
To highlight the osteogenic differentiation capacity of ASCs.
To compare the advantages of ASCs over BMSCs.

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on studies investigating ASCs.
Analysis of ASCs' differentiation potential, particularly into osteoblasts.
Comparison of ASCs with BMSCs regarding harvesting, yield, and invasiveness.

Main Results:

ASCs possess similar differentiation capacities to BMSCs.
ASCs can be harvested more easily and in higher yields than BMSCs.
ASCs demonstrate the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts.

Conclusions:

ASCs represent a viable and advantageous alternative to BMSCs for regenerative medicine applications.
The ease of acquisition and comparable differentiation potential make ASCs attractive for therapeutic use.
Further research into ASCs' osteogenic differentiation is warranted.