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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

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Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
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Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination01:31

Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination

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Typically, when alkenes react with halogens at low temperatures, an addition reaction occurs. However, upon increasing the temperature or under reaction conditions that form radicals, providing a low but steady concentration of halogen radicals, allylic substitution reaction is favored. This is because allylic hydrogens are very reactive as the formed intermediate is resonance stabilized. For example, when propene is treated with chlorine in the gas phase at 400 °C, it undergoes allylic...
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Preparation of Acid Anhydrides01:07

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

3.9K
One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...
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Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

19.5K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
19.5K
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

4.1K
Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
4.1K
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

7.2K
All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
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Facile Synthesis of Colloidal Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets via Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation
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2-Chloro-anilinium perchlorate.

Benhua Zhou1, Jin Cai

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|July 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The crystal structure of a compound reveals a layered arrangement stabilized by hydrogen bonds. These layers form an interconnected three-dimensional network through weaker interactions.

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Supramolecular chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding the crystal packing and intermolecular forces is crucial for predicting material properties.
  • Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions play significant roles in stabilizing crystal structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(6)H(7)ClN(+)·ClO(4) (-).
  • To identify and characterize the intermolecular interactions responsible for the observed crystal packing.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the atomic arrangement.
  • Analysis of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors (N-H⋯O) and weak interactions (C-H⋯O) was performed.

Main Results:

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Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
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  • The crystal structure exhibits a characteristic layer-like arrangement parallel to the bc plane.
  • N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between cations and anions are the primary force organizing these layers.
  • Secondary C-H⋯O interactions link these layers, establishing a three-dimensional supramolecular network.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure is dictated by a combination of strong N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and weaker C-H⋯O interactions.
  • The identified network structure provides insights into the compound's solid-state behavior and potential applications.