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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

A Silicosis Mouse Model Established by Repeated Inhalation of Crystalline Silica Dust

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Published on: January 6, 2023

Granulomatous reaction to silicone injection.

Lixia Z Ellis, Joel L Cohen, Whitney High

The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology

|July 17, 2012

Summary

Liquid injectable silicone for soft tissue augmentation can cause granulomatous nodules. This study presents two cases, emphasizing the need for careful product selection and practitioner credentials to mitigate risks associated with silicone fillers.

Area of Science:

Dermatology
Plastic Surgery
Pathology

Background:

Liquid injectable silicone is used for soft tissue augmentation, but its safety is debated.
Complications, such as granuloma formation, are a significant concern.
There is ongoing controversy regarding the risks versus benefits of silicone injections.

Purpose of the Study:

To report two cases of granulomatous nodules following silicone injections.
To present the histological features of these silicone-induced granulomas.
To underscore the importance of vigilance regarding this complication.

Main Methods:

Case report of two patients presenting with granulomatous nodules.
Histological examination of the excised nodules.

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Two-Dimensional X-Ray Angiography to Examine Fine Vascular Structure Using a Silicone Rubber Injection Compound

Two-Dimensional X-Ray Angiography to Examine Fine Vascular Structure Using a Silicone Rubber Injection Compound

Published on: January 7, 2019

Review of relevant literature on silicone-induced complications.

Main Results:

Histological analysis confirmed granulomatous inflammation in both cases.
The findings illustrate a known but feared complication of silicone injections.
The presented cases highlight the potential for unpredictable adverse reactions.

Conclusions:

Clinicians must remain vigilant for granuloma formation after silicone injections.
Careful selection of filler materials is crucial.
Patients should verify the credentials of practitioners performing injections.