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Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement

Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement

Compounds bearing two hydroxyl groups are known as diols. When the hydroxyl groups are located on adjacent carbon atoms, the diols are called vicinal diols or glycols. Under acidic conditions, vicinal diols undergo a specific reaction called pinacol rearrangement.
The reaction begins with transferring a proton from the acid catalyst to one of the hydroxyl groups, producing an oxonium ion.

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

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Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

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One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.

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Production of Chemicals by Klebsiella pneumoniae Using Bamboo Hydrolysate as Feedstock

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Biomass-based polyols through oxypropylation reaction.

José P S Aniceto¹, Inês Portugal, Carlos M Silva

¹CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.

|July 19, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Biomass residues can be converted into bio-based polyols via oxypropylation, offering a sustainable alternative to petrochemicals for polyurethane production. This review explores the process, properties, and economic viability of utilizing these renewable resources.

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Area of Science:

Green Chemistry
Materials Science
Renewable Energy

Background:

Biomass residues present a sustainable feedstock for chemicals and materials within the biorefinery concept.
Agro-forestry and agro-food by-products are increasingly recognized as valuable renewable polymeric material sources.
Research focuses on valorizing biomass residues into polyols through oxypropylation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current research on converting biomass residues into polyols via oxypropylation.
To analyze the properties of bio-based polyols and their comparability to petrochemical polyols.
To discuss the influence of reaction conditions and the economic feasibility of the process.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on biomass residue valorization.
Analysis of the oxypropylation process for polyol synthesis.
Evaluation of bio-based polyol properties and applications in polyurethanes.
Assessment of economic viability and influencing factors.

Main Results:

Bio-based polyols derived from biomass residues exhibit properties comparable to petrochemical polyols.
Oxypropylation offers a viable route for converting diverse biomass feedstocks into valuable polyols.
The properties of the resulting polyols are tunable by adjusting reaction conditions based on the specific biomass used.

Conclusions:

Biomass-derived polyols are a cost-effective and sustainable alternative for polyurethane manufacturing.
The oxypropylation process is a key technology for unlocking the potential of biomass residues in the chemical industry.
Further research into optimizing reaction conditions and economic assessments will enhance the industrial adoption of bio-based polyols.