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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
Directionality of Nuclear Transport01:42

Directionality of Nuclear Transport

Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of  Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Measurement of Protein Import Capacity of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria
09:01

Measurement of Protein Import Capacity of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria

Published on: January 7, 2022

Nuclear importin α and its physiological importance.

Yoichi Miyamoto, Kate L Loveland, Yoshihiro Yoneda

    Communicative & Integrative Biology
    |July 19, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    Importin α, a nuclear import receptor, unexpectedly modulates gene expression in the nucleus during cellular stress. This nuclear function of importin α influences cell fate and gene regulation.

    Area of Science:

    • Cell Biology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Gene Regulation

    Background:

    • Importin α is a key receptor for classical nuclear localization signals (cNLS), mediating nucleocytoplasmic transport.
    • Cellular stresses, such as oxidative stress, trigger rapid nuclear accumulation of importin α, blocking the classical nuclear import pathway.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the roles of importin α within the nucleus following cellular stress.
    • To determine if nuclear importin α can directly modulate gene expression.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of importin α localization and function under various cellular stress conditions.
    • Investigation of importin α's interaction with specific gene promoters, including Serine/threonine kinase 35 (STK35).
    • Assessment of cellular ATP levels and cell death pathways post-stress.
    Keywords:
    ATPKPNA2STK35importin αnon-apoptotic cell deathnuclear transportstress

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    Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization
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    Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization

    Published on: March 11, 2011

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    Last Updated: May 20, 2026

    Measurement of Protein Import Capacity of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria
    09:01

    Measurement of Protein Import Capacity of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria

    Published on: January 7, 2022

    Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization
    09:31

    Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization

    Published on: March 11, 2011

    Main Results:

    • Importin α accumulates in the nucleus under stress conditions that decrease intracellular ATP levels.
    • Nuclear importin α selectively accesses the STK35 promoter, increasing STK35 transcript levels independently of importin β1.
    • Stress-induced nuclear importin α accumulation precedes non-apoptotic cell death, indicating a role in directing cell fate.

    Conclusions:

    • Nuclear importin α possesses a novel gene regulatory function, directly modulating gene expression.
    • This nuclear function of importin α can influence cellular fate, particularly under stress-induced conditions.
    • The nuclear localization and gene regulatory capacity of importin α are relevant to various cellular states, including cancer.