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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance

Published on: January 17, 2013

Movement pattern and parameter learning in children: effects of feedback frequency.

Hui-Ting Goh¹, Shailesh S Kantak, Katherine J Sullivan

¹Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport

|July 20, 2012

Summary

Reduced feedback during practice impairs motor skill learning in children by affecting parameter learning, not pattern learning. This highlights the importance of feedback frequency for pediatric motor development.

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Area of Science:

Motor Learning
Developmental Psychology
Neuroscience

Background:

Reduced feedback during practice negatively impacts movement accuracy in children, but not young adults.
This suggests age-related differences in how feedback affects motor skill acquisition.
Motor learning involves both pattern and parameter components.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the hypothesis that reduced accuracy in children is due to impaired parameter learning, not pattern learning.
To examine the effect of feedback frequency on motor learning in children and young adults.
To differentiate the impact of feedback on parameter versus pattern learning.

Main Methods:

A rapid arm movement task was used to assess motor pattern acquisition under different feedback conditions.
Participants included 19 school-age children and 19 young adults.
Feedback frequency was manipulated (100% vs. 62% faded) during practice, followed by a no-feedback retention test.

Main Results:

Children practicing with reduced feedback showed significantly greater temporal parameter errors during retention.
No significant differences in pattern error were observed between feedback conditions in children.
Adult performance differences between feedback conditions were not detailed but implied to be less affected.

Conclusions:

Motor skill learning in children is significantly influenced by feedback frequency during practice.
Feedback frequency impacts parameter learning more than pattern learning in children.
These findings underscore the critical role of consistent feedback for effective motor skill development in pediatric populations.