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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

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Peptide:MHC Tetramer-based Enrichment of Epitope-specific T cells
13:58

Peptide:MHC Tetramer-based Enrichment of Epitope-specific T cells

Published on: October 22, 2012

Repetitive peptide boosting progressively enhances functional memory CTLs.

Kendra Smyth1, Karla Garcia, Zhifeng Sun

  • 1Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|July 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Repetitive intravenous peptide boosting without vectors generates effective memory CD8 T cells. This novel approach offers a promising strategy for developing vaccines against viral infections and cancer.

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HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL
07:18

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

Published on: April 11, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are crucial for immunity against intracellular pathogens and cancer.
  • Inducing memory CTLs is key for effective vaccines, but conventional methods face challenges.
  • Non-vector-based boosting strategies are needed to overcome current vaccination limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of nonconventional, vector-free boosting for generating memory CTLs.
  • To evaluate the quality, quantity, and protective capacity of memory CD8 T cells induced by peptide-adjuvant boosting.
  • To characterize the phenotype and function of memory CTLs generated through this novel approach.

Main Methods:

  • Mice were subjected to repetitive intravenous boosting with peptide and adjuvant.
  • Memory CD8 T cell induction, phenotype, and function were analyzed.
  • Protective immunity against infection was assessed in both transgenic and endogenous models.

Main Results:

  • Repetitive intravenous peptide-adjuvant boosting generated sufficient memory CD8 T cells for protection against infection in mice.
  • The induced memory CTLs exhibited a unique, long-lasting effector memory phenotype.
  • Key functional changes included decreased interferon-γ and increased granzyme B production.

Conclusions:

  • Intravenous peptide boosting with adjuvant is a viable strategy for inducing long-term functional memory CTLs.
  • This nonconventional approach has significant implications for future vaccine development against viral infections and cancer.
  • The findings support the development of vector-free vaccine strategies for robust cellular immunity.