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Related Concept Videos

P-N junction01:11

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing
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Published on: February 3, 2021

Polymerized Surface Passivation for Stable and Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells.

Wenjie Zhao1,2,3, Jingchen Yang1,3, Chang Ji3

  • 1Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|June 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vinylphosphonic acid (VPA) offers a stable, polymerizable passivation layer for perovskite solar cells. This new material enhances power conversion efficiency and device durability, overcoming limitations of traditional small-molecule passivators.

Keywords:
perovskite solar cellspolymerized surface passivationstability

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Surface passivation is crucial for advancing perovskite solar cell (PSC) power conversion efficiency (PCE).
  • Conventional passivation using small molecules like ammonium-based ligands suffers from instability under light and heat, compromising device longevity.
  • This instability limits the practical application and long-term performance of PSCs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel, polymerizable surface passivation material, vinylphosphonic acid (VPA), for PSCs.
  • To investigate the formation of a robust and stable passivation layer using in situ polymerization of VPA.
  • To evaluate the impact of this new passivation strategy on both the efficiency and operational stability of PSCs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and application of vinylphosphonic acid (VPA) as a surface passivator.
  • In situ polymerization of VPA to form a polymerized-VPA (PVPA) layer.
  • Theoretical calculations and experimental validation of PVPA layer properties.
  • Fabrication and characterization of PSC devices incorporating the PVPA layer.
  • Long-term operational stability testing under continuous 1-sun illumination at maximum power point.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.24% for PSCs using the PVPA passivation layer.
  • Demonstrated that the PVPA layer is more robust and stable compared to conventional organoammonium-based small molecules.
  • Devices maintained over 90% of their initial PCE after 1600 hours of continuous operation under 1-sun illumination.
  • Confirmed the passivation of uncoordinated metallic defects by the phosphate group of VPA.

Conclusions:

  • Vinylphosphonic acid (VPA) provides an effective and stable surface passivation strategy for perovskite solar cells.
  • The polymerizable nature of VPA leads to a more durable passivation layer, enhancing device stability.
  • This approach represents a significant advancement for achieving high-efficiency and long-lasting perovskite solar cells.