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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Isolation, Expansion, and Adipogenic Induction of CD34+CD31+ Endothelial Cells from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Isolation, Expansion, and Adipogenic Induction of CD34+CD31+ Endothelial Cells from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Published on: July 17, 2018

Adiponectin and osteocalcin: relation to insulin sensitivity.

Yanjun Zhang¹, Peng Zhou, Julia Wanjiru Kimondo

¹Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China.

Biochemistry and Cell Biology = Biochimie Et Biologie Cellulaire

|July 21, 2012

Summary

Obesity and osteoporosis are linked through shared origins and cellular interactions. Understanding how bone cells and fat cells influence each other is key to unraveling insulin resistance mechanisms.

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Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis

Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis

Published on: June 3, 2016

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Isolation, Expansion, and Adipogenic Induction of CD34+CD31+ Endothelial Cells from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Isolation, Expansion, and Adipogenic Induction of CD34+CD31+ Endothelial Cells from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Published on: July 17, 2018

Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis

Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis

Published on: June 3, 2016

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Bone Biology
Metabolic Diseases

Background:

Obesity and osteoporosis pose significant health challenges.
These conditions share genetic predispositions and a common progenitor cell.
Increased adipocyte (fat cell) numbers in bone marrow correlate with bone loss, replacing osteoblasts and reducing bone mineral density.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the intricate relationship between osteoblasts and adipocytes.
To explore how these cells influence each other through hormone production.
To elucidate the connection between bone-fat cell interactions and the development of insulin resistance.

Main Methods:

Review of current scientific literature on bone and adipocyte physiology.
Analysis of hormonal signaling pathways between osteoblasts and adipocytes.
Exploration of the impact of these interactions on whole-body physiology and insulin resistance.

Main Results:

Osteoblasts and adipocytes originate from a common precursor cell.
A high adipocyte count in bone marrow leads to reduced bone mineral density.
Osteocalcin and adiponectin play crucial roles in mediating the cross-talk between bone and fat cells.

Conclusions:

The interplay between osteoblasts and adipocytes is fundamental to bone health and metabolic regulation.
Understanding these interactions provides insights into the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
This holistic approach, viewing the body as an interconnected system, is central to alternative medicine principles.