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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Spinal Sonography for Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Neuraxial Anesthesia
03:14

Spinal Sonography for Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Neuraxial Anesthesia

Published on: January 31, 2025

Epidural volume extension: a review.

A Tyagi1, C S Sharma, S Kumar

  • 1Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Shahadra, Delhi, India. drashatyagi@gmail.com

Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
|July 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epidural volume extension, a technique for combined spinal epidural blocks, enhances sensory block levels. This review explores factors influencing this method and its clinical implications.

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Spinal Sonography for Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Neuraxial Anesthesia
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Spinal Hernia Repair and Cauda Equina Repositioning After Lumbar Decompression under Three-Dimensional Microscopy: A Case Report and Literature Review
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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Epidural volume extension is a modification of combined spinal epidural block.
  • It involves injecting saline or local anesthetic epidurally after spinal injection to increase sensory block level.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review factors influencing epidural volume extension.
  • To discuss its clinical implications and unexplored effects.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of published studies on epidural volume extension.

Main Results:

  • The augmentation of sensory block by epidural volume extension is documented.
  • Factors influencing this technique and its clinical implications require further definition.

Conclusions:

  • Epidural volume extension is a useful technique for augmenting sensory block levels.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand its influencing factors and clinical applications.