Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Determination01:51

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Severe diffused glans penis venous malformation: successful management with 'fractional' Long-pulsed Nd: YAG laser therapy.

The Journal of dermatological treatment·2026
Same author

755-nm Picosecond vs. Nanosecond Alexandrite Lasers for Tattoo Removal: A Randomized, Split-Tattoo Clinical Trial.

Plastic and reconstructive surgery·2026
Same author

Dissecting the contribution of transposable elements to interphase chromosome structure.

Genome biology·2026
Same author

Surgical Management of Pediatric Acetabular Fractures: A Retrospective Study of 14 Rare Cases.

Orthopaedic surgery·2026
Same author

Mathematical modeling of carbon dioxide emissions with GDP linkage: sensitivity analysis and optimal control strategy.

Carbon balance and management·2026
Same author

A physics-embedded dual-learning imaging framework for electrical impedance tomography.

Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
12:59

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

Published on: February 28, 2021

Ndrg2 regulates vertebral specification in differentiating somites.

Huang Zhu1, Jianzhi Zhao, Wenrong Zhou

  • 1Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.

Developmental Biology
|July 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The tumor suppressor gene Ndrg2 regulates vertebral identity after somite segmentation. Loss of Ndrg2 in mice causes vertebral transformations, revealing its crucial role in skeletal development.

More Related Videos

Antibody Uptake Assay for Tracking Notch/Delta Endocytosis During the Asymmetric Division of Zebrafish Radial Glia Progenitors
09:06

Antibody Uptake Assay for Tracking Notch/Delta Endocytosis During the Asymmetric Division of Zebrafish Radial Glia Progenitors

Published on: January 20, 2023

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
06:21

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: April 25, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
12:59

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

Published on: February 28, 2021

Antibody Uptake Assay for Tracking Notch/Delta Endocytosis During the Asymmetric Division of Zebrafish Radial Glia Progenitors
09:06

Antibody Uptake Assay for Tracking Notch/Delta Endocytosis During the Asymmetric Division of Zebrafish Radial Glia Progenitors

Published on: January 20, 2023

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
06:21

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: April 25, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Skeletal Biology

Background:

  • Vertebral patterning is thought to be determined before somite formation.
  • Regulators of vertebral specification post-somite segmentation remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Ndrg2 in vertebral specification after somite segmentation.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying Ndrg2-mediated vertebral identity regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Ndrg2 expression patterns in mouse embryos.
  • Generation and characterization of Ndrg2 knockout mice.
  • Conditional inactivation and overexpression of Ndrg2 in specific cell types (osteoblasts, chondrocytes).
  • Gene expression analysis (Hoxc8-11) and signaling pathway assessment (Bmp/Smad).

Main Results:

  • Ndrg2 is dynamically expressed in the presomitic mesoderm and differentiating somites.
  • Loss of Ndrg2 leads to dose-dependent vertebral homeotic transformations.
  • Ndrg2 inactivation or overexpression in osteoblasts/chondrocytes causes vertebral defects.
  • Altered Hoxc8-11 transcript levels and elevated Bmp/Smad signaling were observed in Ndrg2 mutant embryos.

Conclusions:

  • Ndrg2 acts as a novel regulator of vertebral identity in differentiating somites, not the presomitic mesoderm.
  • Ndrg2's function involves modulating Hox gene expression and Bmp/Smad signaling.
  • These findings provide new insights into the genetic control of vertebral patterning.