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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
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Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.
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Morphogenesis

Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development
10:08

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Published on: March 5, 2017

Characterizing regulatory and functional differentiation between maize mesophyll and bundle sheath cells by

Yao-Ming Chang1, Wen-Yu Liu, Arthur Chun-Chieh Shih

  • 1Biodiversity Research Center , Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115; Institute of Bioagricultural Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan 600.

Plant Physiology
|July 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Maize mesophyll and bundle sheath cells show distinct gene expression patterns. Mesophyll cells are key for photosynthesis and protein synthesis, while bundle sheath cells specialize in transport and metabolism.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Maize (Zea mays) exhibits specialized cell types, mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS), crucial for C4 photosynthesis.
  • Understanding the regulatory and functional differences between M and BS cells is vital for comprehending maize physiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively analyze the transcriptomes of maize M and BS cells.
  • To identify differentially expressed genes and enriched transcription factors (TFs) in each cell type.
  • To elucidate the distinct functional roles and regulatory networks governing M and BS cell differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation of highly homogeneous M and BS cells from maize leaves.
  • Transcriptome profiling using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq).
  • Bioinformatic analysis, including gene expression quantification, differential expression analysis, and pathway analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identification of 18,482 expressed genes across M and BS cells.
  • Discovery of 53 M-enriched and 214 BS-enriched transcription factor genes, with many TF families showing BS preference.
  • Functional differentiation observed: M cells involved in light reactions, protein synthesis, and RNA binding; BS cells specialized in transport, metabolism, signaling, and development.
  • Novel identification of genes related to C4 metabolite transport and BS cell wall development.

Conclusions:

  • Maize M and BS cells exhibit significant transcriptomic and functional divergence.
  • BS cells possess a more complex regulatory network, indicated by a higher number of enriched TFs.
  • The identified genes provide insights into cell-specific functions and regulatory mechanisms in C4 photosynthesis.
  • This dataset serves as a valuable resource for future research on M/BS cell differentiation in maize.