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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
11:02

Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis

Published on: May 17, 2016

MAP kinases and histone modification.

Tamaki Suganuma1, Jerry L Workman

  • 1Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000E, 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.

Journal of Molecular Cell Biology
|July 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signal transduction pathways regulate gene expression by interacting with chromatin and influencing histone modifications. This review explores recent discoveries linking MAPK signaling to chromatin regulation and gene expression control.

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Unveiling Histone Proteoforms using 2D-TAU Gel Electrophoresis
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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Signaling
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Signal transduction pathways modulate gene expression in response to cellular cues.
  • Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are crucial regulators of cellular processes like growth, stress response, and differentiation.
  • Recent evidence indicates MAPKs directly interact with chromatin and influence gene transcription.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent discoveries on the role of MAPK signaling in histone modifications and chromatin regulation.
  • To discuss the integration of signal transduction with chromatin biology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on MAPK signaling and chromatin regulation.
  • Analysis of evidence linking MAPKs to histone modifications and gene expression.

Main Results:

  • MAPKs regulate transcription machinery and associate with chromatin-modifying complexes.
  • Several MAPKs have been shown to bind directly to chromatin at target genes.
  • MAPK signaling is increasingly recognized as a key player in epigenetic regulation.

Conclusions:

  • MAPK pathways play a significant role in modulating chromatin structure and function.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the intricate mechanisms integrating signal transduction with chromatin biology.