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Role of Septins01:02

Role of Septins

Septins are the recently discovered fourth major protein component of the cytoskeleton, along with microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. These proteins can associate with other cytoskeletal filaments and carry out varied roles or can be free-floating in the cytoplasm.
Cellular Functions of Septins
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Cytoskeletal Accessory Proteins

The cytoskeleton is an essential cell component that plays several structural and functional roles. However, the filaments that make up the cytoskeleton cannot function independently and depend on the accessory or ancillary proteins to effectively carry out their function. Accessory proteins associate with cytoskeletal filaments and their monomers, aiding filament formation and function. They also help in the cross-communication among cytoskeletal filaments. Cytoskeletal accessory proteins are...
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Golgi matrix proteins are a group of highly dynamic proteins that maintain the stacked structure of Golgi. These proteins adapt to rapid morphological changes of the Golgi during the cell cycle. During cell division, mild proteolysis removes these connections resulting in Golgi unstacking. In The daughter cells, these proteins help reassemble the unstacked Golgi.
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Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins01:03

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
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Mechanical Protein Functions

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Expression, Purification, and Antimicrobial Activity of S100A12
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Functions of S100 proteins.

R Donato1, B R Cannon, G Sorci

  • 1Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy. donato@unipg.it

Current Molecular Medicine
|July 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The S100 protein family, with 24 members, regulates vital cellular processes both inside and outside cells. These proteins are crucial for immune responses, cell movement, and tissue repair in vertebrates.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The S100 protein family comprises 24 members with diverse intracellular and extracellular functions.
  • S100 proteins exhibit cell-specific expression in vertebrates and can be induced under pathological conditions.
  • They play roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, Ca2+ homeostasis, metabolism, and inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the multifaceted roles of S100 proteins in cellular regulation and extracellular signaling.
  • To highlight the involvement of S100 proteins in both normal physiological and pathological conditions.
  • To detail the interactions of S100 proteins with various cellular targets and surface receptors.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of S100 protein family structure and function.
  • Investigation of intracellular interactions with enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins, transcription factors, and nucleic acids.
  • Examination of extracellular signaling via receptor activation (e.g., RAGE, TLR4) and interactions with growth factors.

Main Results:

  • S100 proteins regulate intracellular processes including proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolism.
  • Extracellular S100 proteins modulate cell functions through autocrine and paracrine signaling via multiple receptor types.
  • Specific S100 proteins (S100A4, S100B) enhance growth factor receptor activity.
  • Extracellular S100 proteins influence a wide range of cell types, impacting immune responses, cell migration, and tissue repair.

Conclusions:

  • S100 proteins are key regulators of cellular functions and intercellular communication in vertebrates.
  • Their dual intracellular and extracellular activities are critical for immune responses, cell migration, and tissue homeostasis.
  • Dysregulation of S100 proteins may contribute to pathological conditions, highlighting their therapeutic potential.