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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Influenza

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...

Impact of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models: Regulatory Decisions

Impact of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models: Regulatory Decisions

PK–PD modeling has significantly influenced FDA regulatory decisions, particularly drug approval, dosage optimization, and labeling. These models integrate pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) to predict drug behavior and effects, aiding in optimizing dosing regimens and enhancing the probability of clinical trial success.One notable example is Nesiritide (Natrecor®), a recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide for treating acute decompensated congestive heart failure (CHF).

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II

The person's health status fluctuates continually, varying from being in good health to becoming ill and returning to being healthy. To understand the concept of illness prevention, there are two models. First, the health-illness continuum model is a graphic representation of an individual's wellness. It states that a person is considered healthy in the absence of physical disease and the presence of good emotional health.
The agent-host-environment model states that disease results from...

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients.
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed.

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention I

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention I

A model is a theoretical way to understand a concept or an idea. Models can overcome barriers to health regardless of diverse economic and cultural backgrounds. In addition, models make the task easier by providing different ways to approach complex issues. There are two major health promotion models: the health belief model and the health promotion model.
The health belief model (HBM) attempts to predict health-related behavior in specific belief patterns. According to the HBM, a person's...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

Published on: August 14, 2019

Planning influenza vaccination programs: a cost benefit model.

Ian G Duncan¹, Michael S Taitel, Junjie Zhang

¹Clinical Outcomes & Analytic Services, Walgreens Co,, 1415 Lake Cook Rd,, MS L444, Deerfield, IL, 60015, USA. michael.taitel@walgreens.com.

Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation : C/E

|July 28, 2012

Summary

Annual influenza vaccination programs offer cost benefits for employers and society. Targeted strategies, like vaccinating seniors or those with comorbidities, maximize cost-effectiveness and improve immunization program impact.

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

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Use of an Influenza Antigen Microarray to Measure the Breadth of Serum Antibodies Across Virus Subtypes

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Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

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Published on: September 7, 2017

Area of Science:

Public Health
Health Economics
Epidemiology

Background:

Influenza vaccination rates in the U.S. remain below recommended levels, despite its potential to reduce economic and humanistic burdens.
Concerns persist regarding the cost-effectiveness of current immunization programs.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the cost benefits of various influenza immunization strategies.
To analyze these strategies from employer, employee, and societal perspectives.

Main Methods:

An actuarial model was developed using published literature to estimate costs and benefits.
The model allowed customization by population age, risk level, pandemic risk, and projection year.
Strategies were modeled for 15,000 individuals vaccinated in pharmacies or doctor's offices during the 2011/12 season.

Main Results:

Influenza immunization programs are cost-beneficial for employers when over 37% of vaccinations occur in pharmacies.
A baseline scenario (50% pharmacy vaccination) yielded net savings of $6 per vaccinated individual.
Targeted programs for high-risk individuals ($83 PV) or seniors ($107 PV) demonstrated increased cost benefits.

Conclusions:

Both universal and targeted influenza vaccination programs can be cost-beneficial.
Utilizing cost models aids employers and policymakers in optimizing immunization program strategies and impact.