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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Solid ectopic cervical thymus in neonates with thyroid agenesis.

Glenda McLean1, Ami DeSilva, Philip Bergman

  • 1Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Monash Medical Center, Clayton,Victoria, Australia.

Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine
|July 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ectopic thymus glands were found in one-third of infants with congenital hypothyroidism and thyroid agenesis. This highlights the importance of recognizing ectopic thymic tissue during thyroid examinations in infants.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Congenital hypothyroidism is a condition requiring early diagnosis and management.
  • Thyroid agenesis is a common cause of congenital hypothyroidism.
  • Ectopic thymic tissue can occur in various locations, but its association with thyroid agenesis is less commonly discussed.

Observation:

  • Sonography and nuclear medicine were used to evaluate infants for congenital hypothyroidism.
  • Twelve infants diagnosed with thyroid agenesis were studied over a five-year period.
  • Four out of twelve (33%) infants with thyroid agenesis presented with ectopic thymic tissue.

Findings:

  • A significant association was observed between thyroid agenesis and the presence of ectopic thymic tissue in infants.
  • Cervical ectopic thymus, while previously reported, is notably found in conjunction with thyroid agenesis in this series.
  • The study identified ectopic thymic tissue in a substantial proportion of infants with congenital hypothyroidism and absent thyroid tissue.

Implications:

  • Recognition of ectopic thymic tissue is crucial during the diagnostic workup for congenital hypothyroidism.
  • This finding may suggest a potential shared developmental pathway or association between thymus and thyroid anomalies.
  • Further research is warranted to understand the embryological basis and clinical significance of co-occurring ectopic thymus and thyroid agenesis.