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Related Concept Videos

Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...
Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round end"...
Parallel Processing01:20

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

Visual processing and learning disorders.

Harold P Koller1

  • 1Wills Eye Institute, Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus, and Genetics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA. cyanderman@verizon.net

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
|August 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Many children struggle in school due to visual processing disorders, not eyesight issues. Neuropsychology advancements improve the diagnosis and treatment of these learning disorders, enhancing quality of life.

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Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

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Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
10:11

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

Published on: December 14, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Neuropsychology
  • Ophthalmology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Scholastic difficulties in children are often misattributed to eyesight problems.
  • Visual processing is a critical brain function for normal perception.
  • Dysfunctional brain processing of visual information can lead to learning disorders despite normal eyesight.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe neuropsychological conditions affecting children with learning disorders.
  • To highlight the distinction between eyesight and visual processing disorders.
  • To inform ophthalmologists and patients about brain-based visual processing issues.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical practice guidelines for attention deficit disorder (ADD)/attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD).
  • Discussion of recent discoveries in the neurobiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
  • Exploration of alternative treatments for ASD.

Main Results:

  • New guidelines for ADD/ADHD diagnosis and treatment have been established.
  • Neuronal overgrowth in the prefrontal cortex is observed in children with autism.
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), previously Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD), affects approximately 6 in 1000 children.

Conclusions:

  • Recent neuropsychological findings aid in preventing, evaluating, and treating visual processing and learning disorders.
  • Improvements in quality-of-life and educational efficiency are achievable.
  • Understanding brain-based visual processing is key to addressing learning challenges.