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Related Concept Videos

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model
09:14

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Published on: June 18, 2021

[Spontaneous spinal subdural hematoma].

Bruno Alpoim1, Maria Rodrigues, Pedro Silva

  • 1Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Unidade Local de Saúde do Alto Minho, Viana Castelo, Portugal.

Acta Medica Portuguesa
|August 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Spinal subdural hematomas are rare neurological emergencies. This case highlights diagnostic challenges in patients with mechanical heart valves, emphasizing prompt anticoagulation reversal and surgical intervention for favorable outcomes.

More Related Videos

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
10:34

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Published on: August 30, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model
09:14

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Published on: June 18, 2021

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
10:34

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Published on: August 30, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Spontaneous spinal subdural hematomas (SSDH) are uncommon neurological emergencies, often associated with vascular malformations or coagulopathies.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for diagnosing SSDH, crucial for surgical planning.
  • Anticoagulant therapy is frequently used for conditions like atrial fibrillation, posing potential bleeding risks.

Observation:

  • A patient with atrial fibrillation and mechanical heart valves on anticoagulant therapy presented with acute dorsal pain and progressive paraparesis.
  • The presence of mechanical valve prostheses precluded the use of MRI, complicating the diagnostic process.
  • Clinical presentation suggested a spinal subdural hematoma, but definitive imaging was initially impossible.

Findings:

  • Despite the diagnostic imaging limitations, the clinical suspicion of acute spontaneous subdural hematoma was high.
  • Reversal of anticoagulation was performed, followed by surgical evacuation of the hematoma.
  • Post-operative management led to significant neurological recovery.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of considering SSDH in patients with relevant risk factors, even with diagnostic imaging challenges.
  • Prompt clinical assessment and timely intervention, including anticoagulation reversal and surgical decompression, are critical for favorable neurological outcomes.
  • The management of SSDH in patients with contraindications to MRI requires a multidisciplinary approach integrating clinical expertise and surgical intervention.