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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Taste Buds and Receptors

Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
A notable characteristic of conditioned taste aversion is that it often requires only a single exposure...

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Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors
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Published on: January 25, 2018

Olfactory function and alternation learning in eating disorders.

Daniel Stein1, Ruth Gross-Isseroff, Roni Besserglick

  • 1Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.

European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology
|August 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adolescent eating disorder patients exhibit enhanced orbitofrontal functioning, particularly in olfactory tasks, compared to controls. This improved functioning is linked to eating disorder-related obsessionality, suggesting it

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Orbitofrontal dysfunction is a hallmark of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
  • Eating disorders (EDs) share significant clinical features with OCD, prompting investigation into shared neurobiological underpinnings.
  • Previous research implicates orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) alterations in both OCD and EDs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate orbitofrontal functioning in adolescent females with various eating disorder subtypes.
  • To compare orbitofrontal functioning between ED patients and healthy controls.
  • To explore the relationship between orbitofrontal functioning, symptom severity, and specific symptom dimensions in EDs.

Main Methods:

  • Study included female adolescent inpatients with anorexia nervosa (restricting and binge/purge types), a normal weight group (bulimia nervosa or ED not otherwise specified-purging type), and healthy controls.
  • Orbitofrontal functioning was assessed using an alternation learning task and a battery measuring olfactory threshold and discrimination.
  • Patients were assessed at admission and upon weight restoration/symptom stabilization, evaluating depression, non-ED, and ED-related obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Main Results:

  • Eating disorder patients across all subtypes demonstrated superior performance on olfactory threshold and discrimination tasks compared to healthy controls.
  • No significant differences in alternation learning were observed between ED patients and controls.
  • Greater ED-related obsessionality was associated with more favorable orbitofrontal functioning.
  • Olfactory function did not change significantly between acute illness and symptom stabilization.
  • Observed improvements in alternation learning were attributed to learning effects, not clinical improvement.

Conclusions:

  • Adolescent eating disorder patients exhibit enhanced orbitofrontal functioning, particularly in olfactory processing, relative to healthy controls.
  • This enhanced functioning appears to be a core feature of EDs, independent of nutritional status or disordered eating behaviors.
  • Orbitofrontal functioning in EDs is associated with the degree of ED-related obsessionality.
  • Findings suggest a potential shared neurobiological pathway involving the orbitofrontal cortex in OCD and EDs, particularly concerning obsessional traits.