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Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Silicon Microchips for Manipulating Cell-cell Interaction
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Straight talk with...Joe Selby.

Joe Selby

    Nature Medicine
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    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) will generate evidence to guide patient and doctor decisions on medical treatments. Established by the Affordable Care Act, PCORI aims to improve healthcare choices through comparative-effectiveness research.

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    Area of Science:

    • Health Policy and Economics
    • Medical Research Methodology
    • Patient-Centered Care

    Background:

    • The US Supreme Court upheld the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, allowing the establishment of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI).
    • PCORI, with an independent status and a $3.3 billion budget, is tasked with building an evidence base for informed medical decision-making.
    • Joe Selby, a family physician and clinical epidemiologist, leads PCORI as its executive director.

    Discussion:

    • PCORI's primary function is to conduct comparative-effectiveness research to determine which medical treatments are most effective.
    • The institute aims to empower patients and healthcare providers with data to make better-informed choices.
    • PCORI has already funded 50 pilot projects totaling $30 million, demonstrating its commitment to advancing research.

    Key Insights:

    • The establishment of PCORI signifies a significant step towards evidence-based healthcare in the United States.
    • Comparative-effectiveness research is crucial for optimizing treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.
    • PCORI's independent status and substantial budget position it to significantly influence medical practice and policy.

    Outlook:

    • PCORI is expected to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of healthcare by guiding treatment decisions.
    • The institute's research agenda will address critical questions about the comparative effectiveness of various medical interventions.
    • By fostering informed decision-making, PCORI aims to enhance the quality and efficiency of healthcare delivery.