Writing on superhydrophobic nanopost arrays: topographic design for bottom-up assembly

A well-known property of superhydrophobic surfaces, such as an array of hydrophobic nanoposts, is to allow only limited surface contact of a liquid to the tips of the nanoposts. Herein we demonstrate that material deposition from solution, whether solid precipitation, surface adsorption or colloidal adhesion in static system, or dynamic "writing", can be limited to these specific areas of the surface when in this nonwetting state. As an example of solid precipitation, we show that nucleation of CaCO(3) results in the growth of small, uniform, amorphous deposits (which can merge and recrystallize) instead of disordered, large crystals due to the abundance of identical, small heterogeneous nucleation sites. The growth of amorphous CaCO(3) can be used to trap molecules from solution, as a potential application for controlled drug release. To demonstrate the localized surface adsorption, we show that chemical functionalization of the post tips can make them "sticky" for specific attachment of species (such as colloidal particles) from solution. The electrostatic charge and relative size ratio of the particle/post diameters control the attachment of particles to the post tips with great specificity. Dynamic conditions have also been shown for writing using droplets translated across the nonwetting surface at controlled speeds during deposition. These methods offer unprecedented control over the heterogeneous nucleation and localized growth of crystals from solution and avoid nonspecific adsorption. There is selective control of colloidal or molecular attachment to the nanopost tips, whereby the contact area, time of contact, and tip surface chemistry for reaction are all independently tunable parameters.