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Related Concept Videos

Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers02:30

Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers

A racemic mixture, or racemate, is an equimolar mixture of enantiomers of a molecule that can be separated using their unique interaction with chiral molecules or media. Racemic mixtures are denoted by the (±)- prefix. This ‘optical rotation descriptor’ applies to the whole solution of a racemic mixture rather than a specific stereoisomer. Enantiomers typically have the same physical and chemical properties. Hence, they are not easily separable. However, enantiomers can exhibit different...
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Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group. The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2, depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
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In cyclohexane, the substituents can occupy different positions generating distinct isomers.

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Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions
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Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions

Published on: November 30, 2022

Solid-solid transformation in racemic Ibuprofen.

Emeline Dudognon1, Natália T Correia, Florence Danède

  • 1Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, UMR CNRS 8207, Université Lille Nord de France, Bât P5 B.213, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France. emeline.dudognon@univ-lille1.fr

Pharmaceutical Research
|August 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Racemic Ibuprofen crystallizes into phase II, then transforms to phase I exothermically. This solid-state transformation kinetics, studied via DSC and X-ray diffraction, clarifies Ibuprofen polymorphism and aids polymorph screening.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Understanding drug polymorphism is crucial for pharmaceutical development.
  • Racemic Ibuprofen exhibits complex crystallisation behavior.
  • Phase transitions influence drug stability and bioavailability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the polymorphic forms of racemic Ibuprofen.
  • To investigate the kinetics of phase transformation following crystallization.
  • To determine the thermodynamic relationship between Ibuprofen phases.

Main Methods:

  • Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for thermal analysis.
  • X-ray powder diffraction for structural identification.
  • Hot Stage Microscopy for visual observation of phase transitions.

Main Results:

  • At 273 K, racemic Ibuprofen crystallizes as phase II, followed by a solid-solid transition to phase I.
  • The phase I transition is exothermic with a conversion enthalpy of 8.0 ± 0.5 kJ/mol, indicating a monotropic relationship.
  • Transformation kinetics follow the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation, with phase I nucleation observed via microscopy.

Conclusions:

  • The study precisely defines the stability of racemic Ibuprofen phases.
  • Kinetic conditions for phase appearance and interconversion are established.
  • Real-time investigations are valuable for screening polymorphs during competitive crystallization.