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Related Concept Videos

Production of Pharmaceuticals01:30

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...
Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells01:23

Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells

After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
However, failure of such a system...
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Islet Clusters
08:41

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Islet Clusters

Published on: June 23, 2023

Surrogate insulin-producing cells.

Adrianne L Wong1, Albert Hwa, Dov Hellman

  • 1Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International 26 Broadway, 14th Floor, New York, NY, 10005 USA.

F1000 Medicine Reports
|August 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Diabetes cell therapy shows promise for treating the condition by replacing damaged pancreatic beta cells. Key challenges include developing a reliable cell source, ensuring immune protection, and successful clinical translation for widespread use.

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Published on: November 5, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is a significant global health issue impacting pancreatic beta cell function and glucose regulation.
  • Successful islet and pancreas transplantation in type 1 diabetes offers proof-of-concept for cell-based therapies.
  • Current treatments aim to restore glucose homeostasis but face limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of cell therapy as a future treatment for diabetes.
  • To identify critical challenges hindering the clinical application of surrogate insulin-producing cells.
  • To highlight the need for collaborative efforts in advancing diabetes cell therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current research in diabetes cell therapy.
  • Analysis of challenges in surrogate beta-cell development.
  • Examination of immunoprotection strategies for transplanted cells.
  • Discussion of translational hurdles for clinical application.

Main Results:

  • Cadaveric islet transplantation demonstrates the feasibility of cell replacement therapy for diabetes.
  • Development of a consistent and effective source of surrogate insulin-producing cells is crucial.
  • Effective immunoprotection strategies are necessary to prevent graft rejection.
  • Translational research is required to bridge the gap between laboratory findings and clinical practice.

Conclusions:

  • Cell therapy represents a viable future therapeutic strategy for diabetes.
  • Overcoming challenges in cell sourcing, immunoprotection, and translation is essential for success.
  • Multidisciplinary collaboration among researchers, clinicians, and industry is vital to realize the potential of diabetes cell therapy.