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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...

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High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions
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High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

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Structural phase transitions in yttrium under ultrahigh pressures.

Gopi K Samudrala1, Georgiy M Tsoi, Yogesh K Vohra

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|August 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary

High-pressure X-ray diffraction reveals yttrium undergoes structural transitions up to 177 GPa. A new low-symmetry monoclinic phase emerges at 99 GPa, resembling heavy rare earths.

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Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
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Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

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Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
07:26

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

Published on: October 7, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • High-Pressure Physics

Background:

  • Yttrium, a rare earth metal, exhibits complex structural behavior under pressure.
  • Understanding these transitions is key to predicting material properties under extreme conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural phase transitions of yttrium under high pressure.
  • To identify the crystal structure of yttrium at pressures up to 177 GPa.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray diffraction was performed on yttrium using a diamond anvil cell.
  • Pressures were applied at room temperature, reaching up to 177 GPa.

Main Results:

  • Observed structural sequence: hcp → Sm type → dhcp → mixed(dhcp + fcc) → distorted fcc (dfcc) below 50 GPa.
  • The distorted fcc (dfcc) phase persisted from 50-95 GPa.
  • A transition to a monoclinic C2/m phase occurred at 99 ± 4 GPa, with a 2.6% volume reduction.

Conclusions:

  • Yttrium exhibits a complex series of phase transitions under high pressure.
  • The high-pressure monoclinic phase suggests electronic structure similarities with heavy rare earths.
  • This indicates increased d-band character and potential f-electron involvement near the Fermi level under extreme conditions.