Quantitative cryo-analytical scanning electron microscopy (CEDX): an important technique useful for cell-specific...

Advances in the techniques required for the X-ray microanalysis of cryo-fixed, naturally hydrated plant tissues in the cryo-scanning electron microscope have reached the stage that accurate, cell-specific localization and quantification of the nutrient and toxic elements can be achieved. Advances are described in the successive processes of cryo-fixation, cryo-planing to produce flat surfaces, monitored minimal etching to reveal cell outlines, coating with aluminum, spectrum collection, and quantification by comparison with comparable frozen standard solutions of the elements.