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Pleural Effusion I: Introduction

Pleural Effusion I: Introduction

Pleural effusion is an abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, a narrow space between the lungs and the chest wall. It is not a disease per se but rather a symptom or indication of an underlying disease. In normal circumstances, this space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), a lubricant facilitating the non-frictional movement of the pleural surfaces.
There are two main types of pleural effusion: transudative and exudative. They are differentiated using Light's criteria,...

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

Pleural Effusion Overview
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:

Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description

Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description

The pleura is a vital part of the respiratory system. It's a double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the chest cavity. The two layers of the pleura are:

Pneumothorax-I

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...

Pleura of the Lungs

Pleura of the Lungs

The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement consists of two layers: the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura lines the surface of the lungIn contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer and contacts to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The hilum is the point of connection between the visceral and parietal layers. The space between the parietal and...

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Updated: May 19, 2026

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion

Published on: November 10, 2023

Pleural effusion - An unusual cause.

Vinoth Ponnurangam Nagarajan¹, Anitha Palaniyadi, Muthamilselvan Sathyamoorthi

¹Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

The Australasian Medical Journal

|August 21, 2012

Summary

Hepatitis A infection in children can rarely cause pleural effusion and ascites. These rare extrahepatic complications typically resolve with symptomatic treatment alongside the hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection.

Keywords:

Hepatitis A ascites pleural effusion

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Area of Science:

Hepatology
Pediatrics
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a prevalent cause of hepatitis in children, particularly in developing nations.
HAV infection is typically self-limiting, with extrahepatic complications being uncommon.

Observation:

This report details two pediatric cases of Hepatitis A presenting with concurrent pleural effusion and ascites.
These extrahepatic manifestations were observed alongside the primary HAV infection.

Findings:

Both pleural effusion and ascites in these patients resolved completely.
Resolution of the extrahepatic symptoms correlated with the resolution of the Hepatitis A infection following symptomatic treatment.

Implications:

Healthcare providers, especially pediatricians in developing countries, should recognize the potential for rare extrahepatic manifestations of HAV infection.
Awareness of these uncommon but reversible complications can prevent unnecessary diagnostic procedures and guide appropriate patient management.