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Related Concept Videos

Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
The Mammary Glands01:12

The Mammary Glands

The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
Each breast features a pigmented projection known as the nipple, through which milk emerges via closely spaced openings of ducts, referred to as lactiferous ducts. Surrounding the nipple is a circular pigmented area of skin named the areola, which appears rough due to...
Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the small...
Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
Microbes in Food Production01:29

Microbes in Food Production

Microbial fermentation is central to food biotechnology, enhancing flavor, texture, preservation, and stability. Fermentative microorganisms metabolize carbohydrates into organic acids, alcohols, and other metabolites that inhibit spoilage organisms and improve digestibility while contributing distinctive sensory qualities.In baking, amylases naturally present in flour hydrolyze starch into monosaccharides such as glucose, which Saccharomyces cerevisiae ferments anaerobically. Through...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings
04:16

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings

Published on: February 7, 2025

Breast milk breaks new boundaries.

Sioned Hilton

    The Practising Midwife
    |August 23, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    Recent research highlights the importance of breast milk, revealing new insights into stem cells, the power of human milk, and medication safety for breastfeeding mothers.

    Area of Science:

    • Lactation science
    • Neonatal nutrition
    • Pediatric research

    Background:

    • Breast milk is recognized as the optimal nutrition for infants.
    • Ongoing research aims to deepen the understanding of breast milk's composition and benefits.
    • This report summarizes key findings from the International Breastfeeding and Lactation Symposium.

    Framework:

    • The symposium focused on three significant areas of recent research.
    • Key topics included the role of stem cells in breast milk.
    • Further exploration into the functional properties of human milk was presented.

    Implementation:

    • New findings on stem cells in breast milk were discussed.
    • Research presented insights into the protective and developmental powers of human milk.

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    Last Updated: May 19, 2026

    Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings
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    Published on: February 7, 2025

    Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation
    09:02

    Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation

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    A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples

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  • The symposium addressed the safe use of medications during breastfeeding.

    • Implications:

    • Enhanced understanding of breast milk's components and functions.
    • Improved guidance for healthcare professionals and breastfeeding mothers.
    • Potential advancements in infant health and nutrition strategies.