Training cognition in ADHD: current findings, borrowed concepts, and future directions
Kyle J Rutledge1, Wouter van den Bos, Samuel M McClure
1Department of Human and Community Development, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Summary
Cognitive training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) shows promise but has limitations. Enhancing training with behavioral economics and understanding brain development may improve outcomes for ADHD.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Psychology
- Developmental Pediatrics
Background:
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is prevalent and has significant negative outcomes.
- Medication is effective for ADHD, but nonpharmaceutical interventions are favored by parents.
- Cognitive training, particularly working memory training, is an area of interest for ADHD treatment.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the efficacy of cognitive training in ADHD.
- To describe the cognitive, behavioral, and biological effects of cognitive training.
- To identify limitations and suggest future research directions for ADHD interventions.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on cognitive training for ADHD.
- Analysis of cognitive, behavioral, and biological effects.
- Examination of current neurological theories of ADHD.
Main Results:
- Cognitive training shows positive effects on some measures but lacks generalization to critical behaviors like classroom performance.
- Limited but growing evidence suggests functionally significant behavioral improvements.
- Research on training effects on reward systems and self-control is lacking.
Conclusions:
- Current cognitive training for ADHD has limitations in generalizing benefits and demonstrating significant behavioral impact.
- Future interventions should broaden training scope and incorporate concepts from behavioral economics and developmental neuroscience.
- Understanding brain development trajectories and applying principles like delay discounting may enhance cognitive training effectiveness for ADHD.
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