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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Sex Linked Disorders01:43

Sex Linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a uterine...
Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia01:27

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Herbs-Partitioned Moxibustion on the Navel in a Rat Model of Primary Dysmenorrhea with Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis
05:36

Herbs-Partitioned Moxibustion on the Navel in a Rat Model of Primary Dysmenorrhea with Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis

Published on: October 4, 2024

Relationship between Delivery Type and Menstrual Disorders: A Case-Control Study.

Fatemeh Nahidi1, Leila Bagheri, Sharareh Jannesari

  • 1Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwife, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Journal of Research in Health Sciences
|August 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cesarean delivery may increase the risk of menstrual disorders in women. Health providers should discuss the risks and benefits of cesarean delivery with pregnant patients.

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Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
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Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System

Published on: September 20, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Herbs-Partitioned Moxibustion on the Navel in a Rat Model of Primary Dysmenorrhea with Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis
05:36

Herbs-Partitioned Moxibustion on the Navel in a Rat Model of Primary Dysmenorrhea with Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis

Published on: October 4, 2024

Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
03:49

Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System

Published on: September 20, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Gynecology
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • Menstrual disorders are common in women of reproductive age, leading to significant healthcare utilization.
  • Understanding risk factors for menstrual disorders is crucial for effective management and prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between delivery type and the incidence of menstrual disorders.
  • To identify potential risk factors for menstrual disorders in women of late reproductive age.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study involving 160 women aged 36-44 years in Tehran.
  • Data collected via questionnaires on demographics, obstetrics, and validated scales for menorrhagia, pain, and stress.
  • Cases had menstrual disorders; controls did not.

Main Results:

  • Women with menstrual disorders had a significantly higher rate of Cesarean sections (53.7%) compared to controls (27.5%).
  • Cesarean delivery was associated with an odds ratio of 3.06 for menstrual disorders.
  • Significant differences observed in menstrual bleeding amount and dysmenorrhea severity between groups.

Conclusions:

  • Cesarean delivery is identified as a potential risk factor for menstrual disorders, particularly in women of late reproductive age.
  • Informed decision-making regarding selective Cesarean delivery is recommended, with thorough consultation between healthcare providers and pregnant women.