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Related Concept Videos

Pneumothorax-II01:27

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:
Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection01:27

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection

Physical assessment of the respiratory tract through inspection is a crucial step in understanding the patient's respiratory health. It provides insights into the functioning of the respiratory system, the musculoskeletal structure, and even the patient's nutritional status. This comprehensive approach involves observing several vital aspects: chest configuration, breathing patterns, respiratory rates, skin color, and use of accessory muscles.
Chest Configuration
The chest configuration can...
The Thoracic Cage: Ribs01:20

The Thoracic Cage: Ribs

Ribs are curved, flattened bones forming the thoracic cavity wall with the thoracic muscles. There are 12 pairs of thoracic ribs. The posterior ends of all the ribs articulate with the T1–T12 thoracic vertebrae. In contrast,the anterior ends of most ribs attach to the sternum via their costal cartilages.
Parts of a Typical Rib
A typical rib has a head, neck, and body. The posterior end of the rib is called the head, followed by a narrow neck. The head articulates primarily with the costal facet...
Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
The Thoracic Cage: Sternum01:17

The Thoracic Cage: Sternum

The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
The sternum is the elongated bony structure on the anterior side of the thoracic cage. It consists of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.

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Related Experiment Video

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Multi-modal Pulmonary Imaging: Using Complementary Information from CT and Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI to Evaluate Lung Structure-Function
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Upper thoracic shape in children with pectus excavatum: impact on lung function.

Gregory J Redding1, Wieying Kuo, Jonathan O Swanson

  • 1Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Radiology, Cardiology, and General and Thoracic Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA. gredding@u.washington.edu

Pediatric Pulmonology
|August 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Pectus gracilis (PG), a slender chest, is common in children with pectus excavatum (PE) and contributes to reduced lung function. The Pectus Gracilis Index (PGI) can help assess this impact.

Keywords:
adolescentpectus gracilisspirometrythorax

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International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure
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Monitoring Lung Function with Electrical Impedance Tomography in the Intensive Care Unit
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Monitoring Lung Function with Electrical Impedance Tomography in the Intensive Care Unit

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Monitoring Lung Function with Electrical Impedance Tomography in the Intensive Care Unit
05:56

Monitoring Lung Function with Electrical Impedance Tomography in the Intensive Care Unit

Published on: September 6, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Thoracic Surgery
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Pectus excavatum (PE) is a chest wall deformity often associated with respiratory symptoms in children.
  • The severity of PE, measured by the Pectus Severity Index (PSI), shows a modest correlation with reduced vital capacity (VC).
  • A co-existing slender chest, or pectus gracilis (PG), may also influence lung function in children with PE.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence of pectus gracilis (PG) in children with pectus excavatum (PE).
  • To develop and validate the Pectus Gracilis Index (PGI) for quantifying PG using CT scans.
  • To determine the impact of PG, assessed by PGI, on lung function (VC) in children with PE, independent of PE severity (PSI).

Main Methods:

  • Developed the Pectus Gracilis Index (PGI) based on chest width-to-depth ratio from CT scans.
  • Measured PGI in 316 healthy children to establish normative values and define PG (>2 z-scores above mean).
  • Assessed PG prevalence in 97 children with PE and correlated PGI and PSI with VC in 86 children who underwent spirometry.

Main Results:

  • Pectus gracilis (PG) was found in 59% of children with PE, compared to 3.2% in controls (OR=45, P<0.00001).
  • Both Pectus Severity Index (PSI) and Pectus Gracilis Index (PGI) correlated inversely with vital capacity (VC) (r=-0.34, P<0.001 and r=-0.38, P<0.001, respectively).
  • PGI remained a significant predictor of reduced VC even after adjusting for PSI in children with PE (r=0.20, P<0.03).

Conclusions:

  • Pectus gracilis (PG) is a frequent thoracic anomaly in children with pectus excavatum (PE).
  • PG contributes independently to reduced lung function (VC) in children with PE.
  • The Pectus Gracilis Index (PGI) offers a valuable tool to enhance the correlation between thoracic structure and pulmonary function in PE assessment.