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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
12:42

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Published on: January 7, 2019

Engineering approaches to immunotherapy.

Melody A Swartz1, Sachiko Hirosue, Jeffrey A Hubbell

  • 1Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland. melody.swartz@epfl.ch

Science Translational Medicine
|August 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Immunoengineering applies engineering principles to immunology for new therapies and disease insights. This multidisciplinary field combines cell, protein, biomaterials, and systems approaches for translational advancements.

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Area of Science:

  • Engineering and immunology intersect in the emerging field of immunoengineering.

Background:

  • Increasingly mechanistic understanding of immunology drives the need for quantitative, design-based engineering approaches.
  • Engineering strategies are crucial for both therapeutic interventions and understanding immunological pathways in human disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and discuss the nascent field of immunoengineering.
  • To highlight the multidisciplinary nature and collaborative efforts within immunoengineering.
  • To showcase the progress and translational potential of immunoengineering.

Main Methods:

  • Application of engineering analyses and design principles to translational immunology problems.
  • Development of tailored immune cells as living therapeutics by cell engineers.
  • Creation of novel methods for rapid antibody discovery by protein engineers.
  • Utilization of biomaterials for guiding vaccine delivery and immune-cell activation.
  • Deciphering T and B cell receptor repertoire evolution and maintenance by systems immunologists.

Main Results:

  • Advancements in using immune cells as therapeutics.
  • Innovations in antibody discovery and vaccine design.
  • Development of novel biomaterials for immunological applications.
  • Progress in understanding immune cell receptor repertoires.
  • Emergence of start-up companies focused on clinical and commercial translation.

Conclusions:

  • Immunoengineering is a rapidly evolving, multidisciplinary field with significant potential for clinical and commercial translation.
  • Collaboration between engineers and immunologists is key to advancing the understanding and treatment of diseases.
  • The field is poised for near-future impact through numerous start-up ventures.