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Related Concept Videos

Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round end"...
Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...
Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

Muscle Coordination and Action

Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement.
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
Non-Verbal Cues01:29

Non-Verbal Cues

Non-verbal communication extends beyond gestures and facial expressions to include vocal elements known as paralanguage. Paralanguage consists of non-verbal vocal cues such as pitch, loudness, speech rate, pauses, and non-verbal vocalizations like laughter, sighs, and moans. These elements not only accompany speech but also provide critical emotional and contextual information.The Role of Paralanguage in CommunicationParalanguage adds depth to spoken language by conveying emotions and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum
07:30

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum

Published on: March 21, 2019

How visual information links to multijoint coordination during quiet standing.

J P Scholz1, E Park, J J Jeka

  • 1Department of Physical Therapy, 307 McKinly Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA. jpscholz@udel.edu

Experimental Brain Research
|August 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Visual information influences postural control by affecting body movement. Perturbations below perception selectively increased body motion variance, supporting the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis in maintaining stable head and center of mass positions.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum
07:30

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum

Published on: March 21, 2019

Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability
07:52

Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability

Published on: September 18, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Human movement science
  • Neuroscience
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Postural control relies on integrating sensory information, including vision.
  • The uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis explains how the nervous system stabilizes task-relevant variables despite redundant degrees of freedom (DOFs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between visual information and postural control.
  • To test if visual information preferentially couples with DOFs controlling body motion versus those maintaining stability.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a multi-DOF model within the UCM framework.
  • Subjects stood in a virtual reality cave with sub-perceptual visual field perturbations (0.2 Hz, 2.0 Hz, or combined).
  • Analyzed motion data to partition joint angle variance into body motion and stability-preserving components.

Main Results:

  • Variance associated with body motion significantly increased at the 0.2-Hz perturbation frequency for both head position and center of mass.
  • This effect was specific to the drive frequency and did not occur at other sway frequencies.
  • The 2.0-Hz visual drive also primarily affected variance related to body motion.

Conclusions:

  • Visual information selectively influences motor commands related to body sway.
  • The UCM hypothesis framework effectively explains how visual input impacts the coupling of DOFs during postural control.
  • Sub-perceptual visual perturbations can reveal specific mechanisms of sensory-motor integration in maintaining balance.