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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy.

Jorge H Mestman1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA. mestman@usc.edu

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|August 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Planning pregnancy with hyperthyroidism is crucial. Careful management of maternal thyroid function and antithyroid drugs (ATD) ensures fetal well-being and prevents complications like Graves

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Obstetrics
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy requires careful management for successful outcomes.
  • Graves' disease is a common cause of hyperthyroidism during childbearing age.
  • Pregnancy planning is essential for women with active or past Graves' hyperthyroidism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the management of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy.
  • To highlight the importance of laboratory test interpretation and antithyroid drug (ATD) therapy.
  • To emphasize the need for pregnancy planning in women with Graves' hyperthyroidism.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on hyperthyroidism in pregnancy.
  • Analysis of factors affecting fetal health.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Fetal health is influenced by maternal hyperthyroidism control, TRAb titers, and ATD use.
  • Ultrasonography is key for monitoring fetal development.
  • Elevated TSRAb titers in previously treated women pose a risk for fetal/neonatal Graves' disease.
  • ATD use during lactation is generally safe following guidelines.

Conclusions:

  • Pregnancy planning is vital for women with active Graves' hyperthyroidism.
  • Causes include Graves' disease, autonomous adenoma, and gestational thyrotoxicosis.
  • Accurate thyroid function testing and ATD adjustment are critical for pregnancy outcomes.
  • Graves' hyperthyroidism can relapse postpartum.