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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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[When some Flaviviruses are throwing our certainties].

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Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are spreading globally, impacting new regions and hosts. Further research is needed to understand the origins of these unprecedented viral invasions and their evolving transmission dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Arbovirology
  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases

Context:

  • Global expansion of mosquito-borne flaviviruses over the past two decades.
  • Invasions into new geographical areas, including Australia, the Americas, Europe, and Asia.
  • Emergence of previously inactive viruses in diverse regions.

Purpose:

  • To document the recent geographical spread of several mosquito-borne flaviviruses.
  • To highlight the novel pathological outcomes and host/vector interactions observed.
  • To underscore the need for further investigation into the origins of these viral expansions.

Summary:

  • Japanese encephalitis virus (1995) and West Nile virus (1999) invaded Australia and the Americas, respectively.
  • Usutu virus (2001) and Zika virus (2007) spread across Western Europe and Micronesia.
  • Tembusu virus (2010) and Bagaza virus impacted China, India, and Spain, causing significant disease in animals and humans.

Impact:

  • Observed emergence of new pathogenic effects in human and animal populations.
  • Identification of novel vertebrate hosts and mosquito vectors involved in transmission.
  • Description of unusual contamination routes, necessitating updated public health strategies.