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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Viral Meningitis01:18

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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization
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Published on: November 16, 2016

Group A streptococcus meningitis in children.

Rosângela Stadnick Lauth de Almeida Torres1, Luiz Ernesto Fedalto, Rômulo Francisco de Almeida Torres

  • 1Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Divisão de Laboratórios de Epidemiologia e Controle de Doenças, Laboratório Central do Estado do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. rslatorres@gmail.com

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
|August 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Group A streptococcal (GAS) meningitis in children in Brazil has a high mortality rate (43%) and is linked to diverse GAS strains. Neonatal age and toxic shock syndrome increase fatality risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Molecular Epidemiology

Background:

  • Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a significant bacterial pathogen.
  • Meningitis remains a serious infection, particularly in pediatric populations.
  • Understanding GAS meningitis epidemiology and molecular characteristics is crucial for public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence and mortality of pediatric group A streptococcal meningitis in Paraná, Brazil.
  • To identify molecular factors, including emm-types and virulence profiles, associated with GAS meningitis.
  • To compare Brazilian cases with global pediatric GAS meningitis literature.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of clinical and epidemiological data (2003-2011) from a mandatory notification system.
  • Laboratory analysis including bacterial identification, antibiotic resistance, emm-typing, PFGE, and virulence profiling.
  • Literature review of pediatric GAS meningitis cases over 45 years for comparative analysis.

Main Results:

  • The incidence of pediatric GAS meningitis in Paraná was 0.06 cases per 100,000 children annually, with a 43% case fatality rate.
  • Risk factors for mortality included neonatal age and concurrent toxic shock syndrome.
  • A high diversity of GAS emm-types was observed in Brazil; no single virulence factor predicted death.

Conclusions:

  • Group A streptococcal meningitis presents a substantial mortality risk in the pediatric population in Brazil.
  • The study highlights a significant diversity in GAS emm-types and virulence determinants circulating in Brazil.
  • Effective public health strategies require ongoing surveillance of GAS meningitis and its molecular epidemiology.